Total Pageviews

Pages

Saturday, January 30, 2010

microprocessors quest

1. What are the flags in 8086? 
- In 8086 Carry flag, Parity flag, Auxiliary carry flag, Zero flag, Overflow flag, Trace flag, Interrupt flag, Direction flag, and Sign flag. 

2. What are the various interrupts in 8086? 
- Maskable interrupts, Non-Maskable interrupts. 

3. What is meant by Maskable interrupts? 
- An interrupt that can be turned off by the programmer is known as Maskable interrupt. 

4. What is Non-Maskable interrupts? 
- An interrupt which can be never be turned off (ie.disabled) is known as Non-Maskable interrupt. 

5. Which interrupts are generally used for critical events? 
- Non-Maskable interrupts are used in critical events. Such as Power failure, Emergency, Shut off etc., 

6. Give examples for Maskable interrupts?
- RST 7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5 are Maskable interrupts 

7. Give example for Non-Maskable interrupts? 
- Trap is known as Non-Maskable interrupts, which is used in emergency condition. 

8. What is the Maximum clock frequency in 8086? 
- 5 Mhz is the Maximum clock frequency in 8086. 

9. What are the various segment registers in 8086? 
- Code, Data, Stack, Extra Segment registers in 8086. 

10. Which Stack is used in 8086? - FIFO (First In First Out) stack is used in 8086.In this type of Stack the first stored information is retrieved first. 

11. What are the address lines for the software interrupts? - 
RST 0 0000 H

RST1 0008 H

RST2 0010 H

RST3 0018 H

RST4 0020 H

RST5 0028 H

RST6 0030 H

RST7 0038 H

12. What is SIM and RIM instructions? 
- SIM is Set Interrupt Mask. Used to mask the hardware interrupts. RIM is Read Interrupt Mask. Used to check whether the interrupt is Masked or not. 

13. Which is the tool used to connect the user and the computer? 
- Interpreter is the tool used to connect the user and the tool. 

14. What is the position of the Stack Pointer after the PUSH instruction?
- The address line is 02 less than the earlier value. 

15. What is the position of the Stack Pointer after the POP instruction?
- The address line is 02 greater than the earlier value. 

16. Logic calculations are done in which type of registers? 
- Accumulator is the register in which Arithmetic and Logic calculations are done. 

17. What are the different functional units in 8086? 
- Bus Interface Unit and Execution unit, are the two different functional units in 8086. 

18. Give examples for Micro controller? 
- Z80, Intel MSC51 &96, Motorola are the best examples of Microcontroller. 

19. What is meant by cross-compiler? 
- A program runs on one machine and executes on another is called as cross-compiler. 

20. What are the address lines for the hardware interrupts? 


RST 7.5 003C H

RST 6.5 0034 H

RST 5.5 002C H

TRAP 0024 H

21. Which Segment is used to store interrupt and subroutine return address registers? - 
Stack Segment in segment register is used to store interrupt and subroutine return address registers. 

22. Which Flags can be set or reset by the programmer and also used to control the operation of the processor? 
- Trace Flag, Interrupt Flag, Direction Flag. 

23. What does EU do?
- Execution Unit receives program instruction codes and data from BIU, executes these instructions and store the result in general registers. 

24. Which microprocessor accepts the program written for 8086 without any changes? 
- 8088 is that processor. 

25. What is the difference between 8086 and 8088? 

- The BIU in 8088 is 8-bit data bus & 16- bit in 8086.Instruction queue is 4 byte long in 8088and 6 byte in 8086.

microprocessor 4 aptransco/ies n others

8086 microprocessor architecture

Memory
Program, data and stack memories occupy the same memory space. The total addressable memory size is 1MB KB.
As the most of the processor instructions use 16-bit pointers the processor can effectively address only 64 KB of memory. To access memory outside of 64 KB the CPU uses special segment registers to specify where the code, stack and data 64 KB segments are positioned within 1 MB of memory (see the “Registers” section below).

16-bit pointers and data are stored as:
address: low-order byte
address+1: high-order byte

32-bit addresses are stored in “segment: offset” format as:
address: low-order byte of segment
address+1: high-order byte of segment
address+2: low-order byte of offset
address+3: high-order byte of offset

Physical memory address pointed by segment: offset pair is calculated as:

Address = ( * 16) +

Program memory – program can be located anywhere in memory. Jump and call instructions can be used for short jumps within currently selected 64 KB code segment, as well as for far jumps anywhere within 1 MB of memory. All conditional jump instructions can be used to jump within approximately +127 – -127 bytes from current instruction.

Data memory – the processor can access data in any one out of 4 available segments, which limits the size of accessible memory to 256 KB (if all four segments point to different 64 KB blocks). Accessing data from the Data, Code, Stack or Extra segments can be usually done by prefixing instructions with the DS:, CS:, SS: or ES: (some registers and instructions by default may use the ES or SS segments instead of DS segment).


Word data can be located at odd or even byte boundaries. The processor uses two memory accesses to read 16-bit word located at odd byte boundaries. Reading word data from even byte boundaries requires only one memory access.

Stack memory can be placed anywhere in memory. The stack can be located at odd memory addresses, but it is not recommended for performance reasons (see “Data Memory” above).

Reserved locations:
0000h – 03FFh are reserved for interrupt vectors. Each interrupt vector is a 32-bit pointer in format segment: offset.
FFFF0h – FFFFFh – after RESET the processor always starts program execution at the FFFF0h address.

Interrupts

The processor has the following interrupts:

INTR is a maskable hardware interrupt. The interrupt can be enabled/disabled using STI/CLI instructions or using more complicated method of updating the FLAGS register with the help of the POPF instruction. When an interrupt occurs, the processor stores FLAGS register into stack, disables further interrupts, fetches from the bus one byte representing interrupt type, and jumps to interrupt processing routine address of which is stored in location 4 * . Interrupt processing routine should return with the IRET instruction.

NMI is a non-maskable interrupt. Interrupt is processed in the same way as the INTR interrupt. Interrupt type of the NMI is 2, i.e. the address of the NMI processing routine is stored in location 0008h. This interrupt has higher priority then the maskable interrupt.

Software interrupts can be caused by:
INT instruction – breakpoint interrupt. This is a type 3 interrupt.
INT instruction – any one interrupt from available 256 interrupts.
INTO instruction – interrupt on overflow
Single-step interrupt – generated if the TF flag is set. This is a type 1 interrupt. When the CPU processes this interrupt it clears TF flag before calling the interrupt processing routine.
Processor exceptions: divide error (type 0), unused opcode (type 6) and escape opcode (type 7).

Software interrupt processing is the same as for the hardware interrupts.

I/O ports

65536 8-bit I/O ports: These ports can be also addressed as 32768 16-bit I/O ports.

Registers

Most of the registers contain data/instruction offsets within 64 KB memory segment. There are four different 64 KB segments for instructions, stack, data and extra data. To specify where in 1 MB of processor memory these 4 segments are located the processor uses four segment registers:

Code segment (CS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64 KB segment with processor instructions. The processor uses CS segment for all accesses to instructions referenced by instruction pointer (IP) register. CS register cannot be changed directly. The CS register is automatically updated during far jump, far call and far return instructions.

Stack segment (SS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment with program stack. By default, the processor assumes that all data referenced by the stack pointer (SP) and base pointer (BP) registers is located in the stack segment. SS register can be changed directly using POP instruction.

Data segment (DS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment with program data. By default, the processor assumes that all data referenced by general registers (AX, BX, CX, DX) and index register (SI, DI) is located in the data segment. DS register can be changed directly using POP and LDS instructions.

Extra segment (ES) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment, usually with program data. By default, the processor assumes that the DI register references the ES segment in string manipulation instructions. ES register can be changed directly using POP and LES instructions.

It is possible to change default segments used by general and index registers by prefixing instructions with a CS, SS, DS or ES prefix.

All general registers of the 8086 microprocessor can be used for arithmetic and logic operations. The general registers are:

Accumulator register consists of 2 8-bit registers AL and AH, which can be combined together and used as a 16-bit register AX. AL in this case contains the low-order byte of the word, and AH contains the high-order byte. Accumulator can be used for I/O operations and string manipulation.

Base register consists of 2 8-bit registers BL and BH, which can be combined together and used as a 16-bit register BX. BL in this case contains the low-order byte of the word, and BH contains the high-order byte. BX register usually contains a data pointer used for based, based indexed or register indirect addressing.

Count register consists of 2 8-bit registers CL and CH, which can be combined together and used as a 16-bit register CX. When combined, CL register contains the low-order byte of the word, and CH contains the high-order byte. Count register can be used as a counter in string manipulation and shift/rotate instructions.

Data register consists of 2 8-bit registers DL and DH, which can be combined together and used as a 16-bit register DX. When combined, DL register contains the low-order byte of the word, and DH contains the high-order byte. Data register can be used as a port number in I/O operations. In integer 32-bit multiply and divide instruction the DX register contains high-order word of the initial or resulting number.

The following registers are both general and index registers:

Stack Pointer (SP) is a 16-bit register pointing to program stack.

Base Pointer (BP) is a 16-bit register pointing to data in stack segment. BP register is usually used for based, based indexed or register indirect addressing.

Source Index (SI) is a 16-bit register. SI is used for indexed, based indexed and register indirect addressing, as well as a source data address in string manipulation instructions.

Destination Index (DI) is a 16-bit register. DI is used for indexed, based indexed and register indirect addressing, as well as a destination data address in string manipulation instructions.

Other registers:

Instruction Pointer (IP) is a 16-bit register.

A flag is a 16-bit register containing 9 1-bit flags:
Overflow Flag (OF) – set if the result is too large positive number, or is too small negative number to fit into destination operand.
Direction Flag (DF) – if set then string manipulation instructions will auto-decrement index registers. If cleared then the index registers will be auto-incremented.
Interrupt-enable Flag (IF) – setting this bit enables maskable interrupts.
Single-step Flag (TF) – if set then single-step interrupt will occur after the next instruction.
Sign Flag (SF) – set if the most significant bit of the result is set.
Zero Flag (ZF) – set if the result is zero.
Auxiliary carry Flag (AF) – set if there was a carry from or borrow to bits 0-3 in the AL register.
Parity Flag (PF) – set if parity (the number of “1″ bits) in the low-order byte of the result is even.
Carry Flag (CF) – set if there was a carry from or borrow to the most significant bit during last result calculation.

Instruction Set

8086 instruction set consists of the following instructions:
Data moving instructions.
Arithmetic – add, subtract, increment, decrement, convert byte/word and compare.
Logic – AND, OR, exclusive OR, shift/rotate and test.
String manipulation – load, store, move, compare and scan for byte/word.
Control transfer – conditional, unconditional, call subroutine and return from subroutine.
Input/Output instructions.
Other – setting/clearing flag bits, stack operations, software interrupts, etc.

Addressing modes

Implied – the data value/data address is implicitly associated with the instruction.

Register – references the data in a register or in a register pair.

Immediate – the data is provided in the instruction.

Direct – the instruction operand specifies the memory address where data is located.

Register indirect – instruction specifies a register containing an address, where data is located. This addressing mode works with SI, DI, BX and BP registers.

Based – 8-bit or 16-bit instruction operand is added to the contents of a base register (BX or BP), the resulting value is a pointer to location where data resides.

Indexed – 8-bit or 16-bit instruction operand is added to the contents of an index register (SI or DI), the resulting value is a pointer to location where data resides.

Based Indexed – the contents of a base register (BX or BP) is added to the contents of an index register (SI or DI), the resulting value is a pointer to location where data resides.

Based Indexed with displacement – 8-bit or 16-bit instruction operand is added to the contents of a base register (BX or BP) and index register (SI or DI), the resulting value is a pointer to location where data resides.